A new study may have solved a mystery surrounding Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory bowel illness that occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets the body’s digestive tract. Norovirus, a common and very contagious viral infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea, is one of several viruses and bacteria thought to trigger the onset of Crohn’s disease for unknown reasons.
One clue emerged when past studies revealed that a certain genetic change (mutation) is common among most patients with Crohn’s. This mutation makes the cells lining the gut more vulnerable to damage.
The mystery deepened again, however, when it was learned that half of all Americans have this same risk-conferring genetic mutation, but fewer than a half-million develop Crohn’s.
The new study has revealed for the first time that in healthy individuals, immune T cells secrete a protein called apoptosis inhibitor five (API5), which signals the immune system to halt the attack on gut lining cells. This protein adds an extra layer of protection against immune damage, so even those with the mutation can have a healthy gut. However, the researchers also found that norovirus infection blocks T cell secretion of API5 in mice bred to have a rodent form of Crohn’s disease, killing gut-lining cells in the process.
Led by researchers at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, the work supports the theory that API5 protects most people with the mutation against the disease until a second trigger, such as norovirus infection, pushes some across the disease threshold.
In experiments centered on mice genetically modified to have the mutation linked to Crohn’s disease in humans, mice that received an injection of API5 survived, while half of the untreated group died. This confirmed the idea that the protein protects gut cells, say the study authors.
In human tissue, the investigators found that those with Crohn’s disease had between five-fold and ten-fold fewer API5-producing T cells in their gut tissue than those without the illness.
“Our findings offer new insight into the key role that apoptosis inhibitor five plays in Crohn’s disease,” says study lead author and gastroenterologist Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto, MD, PhD. “This molecule may provide a new target for treating this chronic autoimmune illness, which has proven difficult to manage over the long term.”
Matsuzawa-Ishimoto, a postdoctoral research fellow at NYU Langone Health, notes that current therapies, which work by suppressing the immune system, put patients at high risk for infection and often become less effective after a few years of use. A treatment method targeting API5, he adds, might avert those issues.
In another set of experiments, the investigators created organ-like structures out of tissue collected from humans who tested positive for the mutation. Notably, these structures were made only of gut lining cells. Then, the research team dropped API5 into these “mini guts” and found that this treatment protected gut-lining cells. In addition, adding API5-producing T cells also protected the gut lining.
“The results of our investigation help explain why the genetic links to Crohn’s are much broader than the actual number of people who have the disease,” says study co-senior author and biochemist Shohei Koide, PhD.
Co-senior author and microbiologist Ken Cadwell, PhD, added, “Our study suggests that when norovirus infects those with a weakened ability to produce apoptosis inhibitor five, it tips the balance toward a full-blown autoimmune disease,”
Cadwell cautions that while the study authors derived API5 protein from human tissue rather than rodents, it remains unclear whether the injection treatment can be safely administered in humans.
The research team next plans to explore the long-term effects of API5 injections to better understand whether the prospective treatment can effectively manage Crohn’s disease, which can flare up repeatedly over a long period.
Source: Matsuzawa-Ishimoto, Y., Yao, X., Koide, A. et al. The γδ IEL effector API5 masks genetic susceptibility to Paneth cell death. Nature, 2022 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05259-y
