A ground breaking study by scientists at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital reveals that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) – best known for causing mononucleosis – also increases the risks of developing seven other major diseases, including: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes. Combined, these seven diseases affect nearly 8 million people in the U.S.
The study shows that a protein produced by the Epstein-Barr virus, called EBNA2, binds to multiple locations along the human genome that are associated with these diseases.
Overall, the study sheds new light on how environmental factors, such as viral or bacterial infections, poor diet, pollution or other hazardous exposures, can interact with the human genetic blueprint and have disease-influencing consequences.
“Now, using genomic methods that were not available 10 years ago, it appears that components made by the virus interact with human DNA in the places where the genetic risk of disease is increased,” John Harley, MD, PhD, Director of the Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology says. “And not just for lupus, but all these other diseases, too.”
New concern about the ‘kissing disease’
Epstein-Barr virus is a strikingly common virus, and more than 90 percent of all people in the US and other developed nations are infected by age 20. In less-developed nations, 90 percent of people become infected by age 2. Once infected, the virus remains in people for their entire lives.
Mononucleosis, nicknamed the “kissing disease” because the virus is primarily spread via contact with saliva, causes weeks of extreme fatigue, is the most common illness associated with EBV.
Over the years, scientists have linked the virus to a other rare conditions, including certain cancers of the lymphatic system and lupus (children with lupus almost always are infected with EBV.)
The new study adds weight to the lupus findings and adds six more well-known diseases to the list.
“This discovery is probably fundamental enough that it will spur many other scientists around the world to reconsider this virus in these disorders.”
Leah Kottyan, PhD, an immunobiology expert, observed, “I think we’ve come up with a really strong rationale for encouraging people to come up with more of an effort. Some EBV vaccines are under development. I think this study might well encourage them to push forward faster and with rededicated effort.”
Hijacking the immune System
When viral and bacterial infections strike, our bodies respond by commanding B cells within the immune systems to crank out antibodies to battle the invaders. However, when EBV infections occur, something unusual happens.
The EBV virus invades the B cells themselves, re-programs them, and takes over control of their functions. The Cincinnati Children’s research team has discovered a new clue about how the virus does this, a process that involves tiny proteins called transcription factors.
Our bodies have about 1,600 known transcription factors at work within our genome. Each cell uses a subset of these to become what they are and to respond to their environment. These proteins constantly move along the strands of our DNA, turning specific genes on and off to make sure cells function as expected.
However, when the transcription factors change what they do, the normal functions of the cell can also change, and that can lead to disease. The Cincinnati Children’s team suspects that the EBNA2 transcription factor from EBV is helping change how infected B cells operate, and how the body responds to those infected cells.
The new paper shows that seven seemingly unrelated disease states actually share a common set of abnormal transcription factors – proteins that turn genes on and off to direct cell growth, division, and death. When these abnormal transcription factors attach themselves to one portion of the genetic code, the risk of lupus appears to rise. When those same transcription factors land on another part of the code, the risk of multiple sclerosis appears to rise. And so on.
“Normally, we think of the transcription factors that regulate human gene expression as being human. But in this case, when this virus infects cells, the virus makes its own transcription factors, and those sit on the human genome at lupus risk variants (and at the variants for other diseases) and that’s what we suspect is increasing risk for the disease.”
New Leads for Improved Treatment
It remains unclear how many cases of the seven diseases listed in the study can be traced to prior EBV infection. More genomic analyses involving many more patients with these diseases will be required to make reliable estimates.
“The impact of the virus is likely to vary across the diseases,” Harley says. “In lupus and MS, for example, the virus could account for a large percentage of those cases. We do not have a sense of the proportion in which the virus could be important in the other EBNA2-associated diseases.”
However, the breakthrough identification of specific transcription factors connected to EBV infections opens new lines of study that could accelerate efforts to find cures.
Several compounds – some experimental, some approved as medications for other conditions – already are known to be capable of blocking some of the high-risk transcription factors listed in the paper, Weirauch says. Teams at Cincinnati Children’s have begun deeper studies of some of these compounds.
Findings go far, far beyond EBV
While the EBV-related findings involved more than 60 human proteins linked to seven diseases, the Cincinnati Children’s research team already has taken a huge next step. They applied the same analytic techniques to tease out connections between all 1,600 known transcription factors and the known gene variants associated with more than 200 diseases.
The results of that massive cross-analysis also appear in today’s study. Intriguing associations were documented involving 94 conditions.
“Our study has uncovered potential leads for many other diseases, including breast cancer,” Harley says. “We cannot possibly follow up on all of these, but we are hoping that other scientists will.”
After devoting decades of research to hunting down the causes of lupus, Harley says this study represents the most important discovery of his career. “I’ve been a co-author in almost 500 papers. This one is more important than all of the rest put together. It is a capstone to a career in medical research,” he says.
Software behind discoveries to be made public
Detecting and tracking the activities of these transcription factors took years of work involving dozens of laboratory and computational experts.
The project required gathering massive sets of genetic data, then analyzing every genetic change affecting the activity of the virus. Doing this required creating two new algorithms, called RELI and MARIO, which were developed at Cincinnati Children’s by Weirauch and colleagues.
Both software tools and a related website will be made publicly available.
“We are going to great lengths to not only make the computer code available, but all of the data and all of the results,” Weirauch says. “We think it’s an interesting approach that could have implications for many diseases, so we’re contacting experts on the various diseases and sharing the results and seeing if they want to collaborate to follow up on them.”
Source: John B. Harley, Xiaoting Chen, Mario Pujato, Daniel Miller, Avery Maddox, Carmy Forney, Albert F. Magnusen, Arthur Lynch, Kashish Chetal, Masashi Yukawa, Artem Barski, Nathan Salomonis, Kenneth M. Kaufman, Leah C. Kottyan, Matthew T. Weirauch. Transcription factors operate across disease loci, with EBNA2 implicated in autoimmunity. Nature Genetics, 2018; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0102-3
